vetKeys (Verifiable Encrypted Threshold Keys)

vetKeys bring on-chain privacy to the IC via the vetKD protocol: a canister requests a key derived by the subnet’s threshold key-derivation infrastructure, receives it encrypted under a client-supplied transport key, and only the client decrypts it locally. No subnet node ever sees the raw key, and in this standard client-delivery pattern neither does the canister — it relays the still-encrypted key to the client. (Some flows deliberately have the canister obtain key material itself: threshold BLS signing and in-canister timelock decryption — see those sections.) Derivation is deterministic: the same (canister, context, input) always yields the same key.

Build on the maintained libraries — do not hand-roll the cryptography or the Candid interface:

Layer	Rust	Motoko	Frontend
Package	`ic-vetkeys` 0.9 (crates.io)	`ic-vetkeys` 0.6 (mops)	`@icp-sdk/vetkeys` 0.5 (npm)
Management API	`ic-cdk-management-canister`, `ic_vetkeys::management_canister`	`mo:ic-vetkeys/ManagementCanister`	—
Low-level primitives	crate root (`ic_vetkeys::…`)	— (not available, see below)	package root (`@icp-sdk/vetkeys`)

@dfinity/vetkeys is legacy (frozen at 0.4.0). The package was renamed to @icp-sdk/vetkeys at 0.5.0. Frontend agent/identity types come from @icp-sdk/core (@icp-sdk/core/agent, @icp-sdk/core/principal), not @dfinity/agent/@dfinity/principal.

Also required: Rust ic-cdk = "0.20" + ic-cdk-management-canister = "0.1" (and ic-dummy-getrandom-for-wasm for IBE); Motoko ic-vetkeys 0.6 needs moc ≥ 1.13.0 / core ≥ 2.6.1; frontend also @icp-sdk/core ^5.4.

Which skill / which feature

You want to…	Use
Store & share encrypted key-value data (password manager, notes, vault)	`encrypted-maps` skill (higher-level, start there)
Encrypt to a principal so only they can decrypt (messaging)	IBE → `references/ibe.md`
Reveal data only after a deadline (sealed-bid auction, timelock)	Timelock IBE → `references/ibe.md`
Have the canister produce a signature verifiable by anyone	Threshold BLS → `references/bls-signing.md`
Derive a per-user/per-resource symmetric (AES) key	Symmetric derivation → this file
Encrypt to a principal without any canister call	Offline public-key derivation → this file
Produce on-chain verifiable randomness	Verifiable randomness (VRF) → this file
Authenticate users / logins	not vetKeys — use the `internet-identity` skill

Core concepts

context — a domain-separator blob that namespaces derived keys within a canister (e.g. "my_app", or a per-purpose value like "symmetric_key"). It must be identical between the public-key call, the derive call, and any client-side verify/decrypt, or the keys will not match — decryptAndVerify then throws (the Rust APIs return an error), so handle that failure rather than assuming success.
input — application data identifying which key to derive (e.g. a caller principal, a document ID). It is sent to the management canister in plaintext — use it as an identifier, never for secret data.
transport key — an ephemeral key pair the client generates per request. The public half is sent so the subnet can encrypt the derived key for delivery; only the holder of the secret half can decrypt. Generate a fresh one each request (TransportSecretKey.random()).
encrypted vs unencrypted vetKeys — IBE and symmetric derivation use the encrypted delivery flow (transport key → decryptAndVerify → VetKey). Threshold BLS uses the unencrypted vetKey directly; the library’s sign_with_bls / signWithBls handles that — never feed an encrypted vetKey into BLS.
Motoko asymmetry — the Motoko ic-vetkeys library exposes only the management API + KeyManager/EncryptedMaps. It has no IBE, transport keys, MasterPublicKey/DerivedPublicKey, or vetKey decryption. In a Motoko app the canister returns the encrypted vetKey and the frontend (@icp-sdk/vetkeys) does transport-key generation, decryptAndVerify, IBE, and symmetric derivation. Those primitives exist in Rust and TypeScript only.

Key names & cycles

Key name	Where	`vetkd_derive_key` cost
`test_key_1`	local + mainnet (testing)	10_000_000_000
`key_1`	local + mainnet (production)	26_153_846_153

vetkd_public_key is free; vetkd_derive_key costs cycles. test_key_1 and key_1 behave the same locally and on mainnet. Let the helpers handle the amount: the Rust binding computes the exact cost, and the Motoko ManagementCanister attaches 26_153_846_153 with any excess refunded — you only need to keep the canister funded. The management canister is aaaaa-aa; calls are routed to the subnet holding the master key.

Rust reads the key name from an #[init] argument (passed via init_args in icp.yaml).
Motoko reads it from the VETKD_KEY_NAME canister environment variable, defaulting to test_key_1. The name is captured into stable state at first install and is immutable for the life of the canister’s data — changing it later is silently ignored (only a reinstall, which drops state, switches keys). Because test_key_1 is also a valid mainnet key, a production deploy that forgets to set VETKD_KEY_NAME silently runs on it — assert the expected key at deploy time if that matters.

The vetKD management API (foundation + symmetric encryption)

The management API has two endpoints: vetkd_public_key (verification / offline-encryption public key) and vetkd_derive_key (the caller’s encrypted key). This is the foundation for symmetric encryption, IBE, and BLS. Call it through the library helpers so the Candid types and cycles are correct.

Backend — Rust

use ic_cdk::update;
use ic_cdk_management_canister::{VetKDCurve, VetKDDeriveKeyArgs, VetKDKeyId, VetKDPublicKeyArgs};

const CONTEXT: &[u8] = b"symmetric_key"; // domain separator; must match on the client

fn key_id() -> VetKDKeyId {
    // name comes from an #[init] arg in real code; "test_key_1" for local + mainnet testing
    VetKDKeyId { curve: VetKDCurve::Bls12_381_G2, name: "test_key_1".to_string() }
}

#[update]
async fn symmetric_verification_key() -> Vec<u8> {
    let res = ic_cdk_management_canister::vetkd_public_key(&VetKDPublicKeyArgs {
        canister_id: None, // defaults to this canister
        context: CONTEXT.to_vec(),
        key_id: key_id(),
    })
    .await
    .expect("vetkd_public_key failed");
    res.public_key // no cycles required
}

#[update]
async fn encrypted_symmetric_key_for_caller(transport_public_key: Vec<u8>) -> Vec<u8> {
    let caller = ic_cdk::api::msg_caller(); // capture BEFORE the await
    let res = ic_cdk_management_canister::vetkd_derive_key(&VetKDDeriveKeyArgs {
        input: caller.as_slice().to_vec(), // key identifier (plaintext) — never secret data
        context: CONTEXT.to_vec(),
        transport_public_key,
        key_id: key_id(),
    })
    .await // the binding attaches the required cycles automatically
    .expect("vetkd_derive_key failed");
    res.encrypted_key
}

Backend — Motoko

import ManagementCanister "mo:ic-vetkeys/ManagementCanister";
import Principal "mo:core/Principal";
import Text "mo:core/Text";
import Runtime "mo:core/Runtime";

persistent actor {
  // Captured into keyId at first install and fixed for the life of the canister's derived keys;
  // changing VETKD_KEY_NAME on a later upgrade has no effect (see the key-name warning above).
  let keyName = Runtime.envVar<system>("VETKD_KEY_NAME") ?? "test_key_1";
  let keyId : ManagementCanister.VetKdKeyid = { curve = #bls12_381_g2; name = keyName };

  public shared func symmetricVerificationKey() : async Blob {
    // context / domain separator; no cycles required
    await ManagementCanister.vetKdPublicKey(null, Text.encodeUtf8("symmetric_key"), keyId);
  };

  public shared ({ caller }) func encryptedSymmetricKeyForCaller(transportPublicKey : Blob) : async Blob {
    // signature is (input, context, keyId, transportPublicKey); helper attaches cycles automatically
    await ManagementCanister.vetKdDeriveKey(
      Principal.toBlob(caller), Text.encodeUtf8("symmetric_key"), keyId, transportPublicKey);
  };
};

Frontend — derive an AES-GCM key (TypeScript)

The canister returns the encrypted vetKey; the frontend generates the transport key, decrypts & verifies it into a VetKey, then derives AES-GCM key material.

import { TransportSecretKey, DerivedPublicKey, EncryptedVetKey } from "@icp-sdk/vetkeys";
// `backend` is your actor; `myPrincipal` is the authenticated caller's Principal (@icp-sdk/core/principal)

// 1. Fresh transport key per request
const tsk = TransportSecretKey.random();

// 2. Fetch the encrypted derived key + the public verification key
const [encryptedKeyBytes, publicKeyBytes] = await Promise.all([
  backend.encrypted_symmetric_key_for_caller(tsk.publicKeyBytes()),
  backend.symmetric_verification_key(),
]);

// 3. Decrypt & verify -> VetKey. The identity bytes MUST equal the backend `input`
//    (here the caller principal), or verification throws.
const vetKey = EncryptedVetKey.deserialize(new Uint8Array(encryptedKeyBytes)).decryptAndVerify(
  tsk,
  DerivedPublicKey.deserialize(new Uint8Array(publicKeyBytes)),
  myPrincipal.toUint8Array(),
);

// 4. Derive AES-GCM key material and encrypt/decrypt. There is NO `toDerivedKeyMaterial()`.
const keyMaterial = await vetKey.asDerivedKeyMaterial();
const domainSep = "my_app:notes"; // unique per app + usage
const ciphertext = await keyMaterial.encryptMessage("secret message", domainSep, ""); // (msg, domainSep, associatedData)
const plaintext = await keyMaterial.decryptMessage(ciphertext, domainSep, "");
// new TextDecoder().decode(plaintext) === "secret message"

Offline public-key derivation

Derive a canister’s public key for a context without any canister call, starting from the known mainnet master public key. Used to encrypt (IBE) to a principal when neither the recipient nor the canister is online.

TypeScript:

import { MasterPublicKey } from "@icp-sdk/vetkeys";
import { Principal } from "@icp-sdk/core/principal";

const derivedPublicKey = MasterPublicKey.productionKey()            // key_1 (default); MasterPublicKey.pocketicKey() for local
  .deriveCanisterKey(Principal.fromText(canisterId).toUint8Array())
  .deriveSubKey(new TextEncoder().encode("my_app"));               // the context / domain separator
// derivedPublicKey (a DerivedPublicKey) can now be used for IBE encryption offline

Rust:

use ic_vetkeys::{MasterPublicKey, DerivedPublicKey};
use ic_cdk_management_canister::{VetKDCurve, VetKDKeyId};

let master = MasterPublicKey::for_mainnet_key(&VetKDKeyId {
    curve: VetKDCurve::Bls12_381_G2,
    name: "key_1".to_string(),
}).expect("unknown key name");                     // for_pocketic_key(..) for local
let derived: DerivedPublicKey = master
    .derive_canister_key(canister_id.as_slice())
    .derive_sub_key(b"my_app");

Verifiable randomness (VRF)

A vetKey can be turned into verifiable randomness: a Rust canister calls ic_vetkeys::management_canister::compute_vrf(input, context, key_id) -> VrfOutput (scope input/context to the draw, e.g. a lottery round or leader election), and the frontend verifies the proof with VrfOutput.deserialize(...) from @icp-sdk/vetkeys. No canonical end-to-end example ships yet. (Not available in the Motoko library — derive on a Rust canister.)

Pitfalls

Wrong package / imports. Use @icp-sdk/vetkeys (≥0.5), not @dfinity/vetkeys (frozen at 0.4). Import agent/identity from @icp-sdk/core (@icp-sdk/core/agent, @icp-sdk/core/principal), and build the agent with await HttpAgent.create({ identity, host, rootKey }) — the client classes take a ready HttpAgent, not options. Get rootKey from safeGetCanisterEnv() (@icp-sdk/core/agent/canister-env); never call fetchRootKey() in shipped code (see the icp-cli skill).
toDerivedKeyMaterial() does not exist. For symmetric encryption: const dkm = await vetKey.asDerivedKeyMaterial(), then await dkm.encryptMessage(msg, domainSep, associatedData) / await dkm.decryptMessage(ct, domainSep, associatedData) (all async). Never use the raw decrypted vetKey bytes directly as an AES key.
Don’t hand-roll the management interface. Rust: ic-cdk-management-canister (vetkd_public_key/vetkd_derive_key) or ic_vetkeys::management_canister (also sign_with_bls). Motoko: mo:ic-vetkeys/ManagementCanister (vetKdPublicKey, vetKdDeriveKey, signWithBls, blsPublicKey). These carry the correct Candid types and attach the right cycles automatically. Hand-declaring actor "aaaaa-aa" and the vetkd_* records is unnecessary and error-prone.
Motoko has no low-level crypto. No IBE, transport keys, MasterPublicKey/DerivedPublicKey, or vetKey decryption in the Motoko library. The Motoko canister returns the encrypted vetKey; the frontend @icp-sdk/vetkeys (or a Rust off-chain client) does the rest.
Fund the canister for derivations. vetkd_derive_key costs cycles (key_1 = 26_153_846_153, test_key_1 = 10_000_000_000 — the same locally and on mainnet); vetkd_public_key is free. Let the helpers attach the amount — the Rust binding computes the exact cost, the Motoko helper attaches 26_153_846_153 and the excess is refunded — and keep the canister topped up.
context and input must match end to end. A different context (or a different input) produces a different key; decryptAndVerify then throws (the Rust APIs return an error) rather than returning wrong plaintext — handle it, and keep context/input byte-identical across public-key, derive, and client verify/decrypt.
input is plaintext. It is a key identifier sent to the management canister — use IDs (principal, document ID), never secret data.
Capture the caller before await. ic_cdk::api::msg_caller() (Rust) / destructure ({ caller }) (Motoko) before the async derive call.
Enforce authorization when hand-rolling derivation. If you call vetkd_derive_key directly (not via KeyManager/EncryptedMaps), the canister must ensure it only derives for an input the caller is entitled to (e.g. their own principal). Otherwise any caller can obtain anyone’s key.
BLS uses the unencrypted key. Use sign_with_bls/signWithBls; don’t feed an encrypted vetKey into BLS, and don’t reuse the same context/input across IBE and BLS.
Rust randomness on Wasm. IBE seeds need randomness; add ic-dummy-getrandom-for-wasm (or a getrandom wasm shim) or the canister traps. (The frontend uses WebCrypto — fine.)
Modern ic-cdk call API. Use ic_cdk::api::msg_caller() (not ic_cdk::caller()). If you ever call the management canister without the binding, use ic_cdk::call::Call::unbounded_wait(..).with_cycles(..) — the legacy ic_cdk::api::call::call* API is removed in ic-cdk 0.20+.

Feature guides

Identity-Based Encryption (IBE) & timelock — encrypt with IbeCiphertext.encrypt(publicKey, IbeIdentity.fromPrincipal(recipient), plaintext, IbeSeed.random()); the recipient decrypts with IbeCiphertext.deserialize(ct).decrypt(vetKey). Full backend + frontend + timelock: references/ibe.md.
Threshold BLS signatures — sign with ic_vetkeys::management_canister::sign_with_bls (Rust) / ManagementCanister.signWithBls (Motoko); verify with verifyBlsSignature(derivedPublicKey, message, signature). Details: references/bls-signing.md.
Encrypted key-value storage (EncryptedMaps / KeyManager) — the encrypted-maps skill.

Deploy & verify

Provisioning, icp.yaml, and generic deploy steps belong to the icp-cli skill. vetKeys-specific checks:

icp deploy backend                                    # local replica provisions test_key_1
icp canister call backend symmetric_verification_key '()'   # non-empty BLS public-key blob
# derive needs a 48-byte transport public key from the frontend; different callers get different keys